“Acknowledgments

Thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions. This work is jointly sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China through grant 2017YFC1501603, the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grant 41675052, the NOAA High-Impact Weather Prediction Project (HIWPP) under award NA14OAR4830123, and the NOAA/NWS Next-Generation Global Prediction System (NGGPS) project. Craig H. Bishop acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council’s Centres of Excellence Scheme (CE170100023). The data used to generate the simulation experiments were obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP; https://www.ncdc. noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/ model-datasets/global-forcast-system- gfs).”